Energetics of Eddy-Mean Flow Interactions in the East Australian Current System

Examining eddy-mean flow interactions in western boundary currents is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of mesoscale eddy generation and the role of eddies in the large-scale circulation. However, this analysis is lacking in the East Australian Current (EAC) system. Here we show the detailed three-dimensional structure of the eddy- mean flow interactions and energy budget in the EAC system. The energy reservoirs and conversions are greatest in the upper 500 m, with complex vertical structures. Strong mean kinetic energy is confined within a narrow band (24.5 degrees-32.5 degrees S) in the EAC jet. Most energy is contained in the eddy fields instead of the mean flow in the EAC typical separation and ex-tension regions (south of 32.5 degrees S). Strong barotropic instability is the primary source of eddy kinetic energy north of 36 degrees S, while baroclinic instability dominates the eddy kinetic energy production in the EAC southern extension, which peaks in the subsurface. The mean flow transfers 5.22 GW of kinetic energy and 3.33 GW of available potential energy to the eddy field in the EAC typical separation region. The largest conversion term is from available potential energy conversion from the mean flow to the eddy field through baroclinic instability, dominating between 29 degrees and 35.5 degrees S. Nonlocal eddy-mean flow interactions also play a role in the energy exchange between the mean flow and the eddy fields. This study provides the mean state of the eddy-mean flow interactions in the EAC system, paving the way for further studies exploring sea-sonal and interannual variability and provides a baseline for assessing the impact of environmental change.