Validation of the Italian version of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25-I)

Introduction The present study aimed to adapt the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire to the Italian context (HQ-25-I) and to test its psychometric properties in two samples, particularly a sample of residents with psychiatric conditions (n = 117) and a sample of individuals from the community (n = 209). Methods We tested the fit of the original three-factor structure (Socialization, Isolation, and Emotional Support) and measurement invariance across the two groups, and the reliability, convergent, and criterion (concurrent) validity of the HQ-25-I. Results The results showed that the original measurement model fitted the data well and that it was invariant across the two groups. The measure was reliable and positively correlated with some maladaptive personality trait domains (PID-5-BF), Depression (BDI-II), and Hopelessness (BHS) in both groups, with higher scores observed in the clinical sample. However, low correlations were found between the HQ-25-I and the PID-5-BF Detachment and Negative Affectivity. Conclusions The results from the study showed that the HQ-25-I is reliable, but further examination of its validity is warranted. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.