Atherosclerosis preventive effects of marrubiin against (TNF-α)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a complicated cascade of inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, making it the most prevalent cardiovascular disease. The onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases are greatly influenced by oxidative stress. Targeting oxidative stress is an effective strategy for treating such diseases. Marrubiin is a bioactive furan labdane diterpenoid acts as a strong antioxidant to protect against oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of marrubiin against oxidative stress and apoptosis in a cellular model of the vascular system. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with varying concentration of marrubiin and its IC50 value was determined. The antioxidant potential of marrubiin was assessed by measuring the intracellular level of glutathione (GSH) using a colorimetric technique. Since apoptosis plays a significant role in the plaque rupture, the study also evaluated the protective effects of marrubiin on the expression of key genes involved in apoptotic pathways. Results: Cells treated with marrubiin showed increased GSH levels compared to cell therapy control cells, indicating marrubiin's ability to counteract the effects of TNF-alpha's on GSH levels. Furthermore real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that marrubiin upregulated Bcl-xl while downregulating caspase3 and Nox4 in treated cells. These findings suggest that marrubiin protects against apoptosis and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Based on our findings, marrubiin is recommended as a preventive/therapeutic treatment for diseases caused by elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in cardiovascular diseases.