Experimental study on sand anisotropy using hollow cylinder apparatus

This study investigated sand anisotropy experimentally using a hollow cylinder apparatus. The effect of the initial anisotropy on the shear behavior of sand was illustrated by conducting experiments on specimens with bedding planes and systematically varying the den-sity, principal stress direction, and intermediate principal stress. The change in induced anisotropy during shearing was experimentally captured by re-shearing the specimens subjected to prior shear history. The experimental results revealed the following: (a) Anisotropy in sand, whether initial anisotropy developing during specimen preparation or induced anisotropy developing due to shear history, causes pseudo-density changes in the mechanical behavior, in which sand of the same density behaves as if it has a different density depending on the direction of shear. (b) The changes in induced anisotropy, due to shearing in the same direction as that of the prior shear, make the soil behave similarly to dense sand, whereas shearing in a direction perpendicular to the prior shear makes the soil behave similarly to loose sand. (c) The larger the prior shear, the more pronounced the pseudo-density changes that appear in the subsequent behavior. Moreover, the significance of induced anisotropy in liquefaction and compaction phenomena was experimentally demonstrated through single and double swing cyclic shear tests. The results obtained from the study will be useful for validating models that incorporate induced anisotropy.& COPY; 2023 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Geotechnical Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).