Double-averaged turbulence statistics of wave current flow over rough bed with staggered arrangement of hemispherical blocks

Double-average turbulence characteristics of combined wave-current flow are studied over a rough bed comprising hemispheres arranged in a staggered pattern with different spacing (p/r = 4, 6, and 8; p = pitch length, r = height). The instantaneous velocity data was collected by Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry for the evaluation of double-average (DA) velocity, turbulence intensity, form-induced intensity, Reynolds stress, and form-induced stresses. The smallest DA velocity was obtained for p/r = 4 at the bottom region, signifying that p/ r = 4 offered the maximum resistance to the flow among the tested cases. DA Reynolds stress is decreased for the entire flow depth due to superimposed waves. The advection of momentum-flux of normal stress in stream-wise and bottom-normal directions is increased at the outer layer and decreased at the near-bed region after waveimposition. Maximum TKE production and diffusion are obtained just above the interfacial sub-layer and the middle of the form-induced sub-layer respectively. The turbulence structure is strongly anisotropic at the bottom region for p/r = 4 and near the outer layer, the tendency towards the return to isotropic state is dominant while with the increase in roughness spacing, a decrease in anisotropy is observed. Furthermore, an increase in wavefrequency decreased the tendency for the return to isotropy at the free surface.