Rooftop Solar and Electric Vehicle Integration for Smart, Sustainable Homes: A Comprehensive Review

The rapid growth of the energy and transport sectors has led to an increase in fuel consumption, resulting in a significant rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Switching to renewable energy sources and replacing internal combustion engines with electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, the electrification of the transportation sector has become a primary focus of research and development efforts. However, if EVs are charged using conventional energy sources, we are unable to fully capitalize on their potential to reduce emissions. Charging EVs using renewable energy sources is the optimal solution. Otherwise, the increased number of EVs on the roads can significantly impact the stability of existing electric grids. As a result, smart homes with EV charging stations are becoming increasingly popular worldwide. This review focuses on the concept of grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) smart homes integrated with EVs and energy management systems in Australia. Australia can reduce emissions in the building and transport sectors by electrifying a range of vehicles and ultimately powering them with 100% renewable energy sources. The benefits of EV integration alongside rooftop solar systems for smart homes with house-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-house, as well as vehicle-to-grid or grid-to-vehicle (bidirectional EV charging) capabilities are also explored in this article. By adopting these systems, these smart homes can provide energy schemes for commercial use, ultimately contributing to the owner's economic benefit.