Endothelial senescence alleviates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Endothelial cell (EC) senescence was discovered in the AD brain, but its function in AD pathogenesis was unidentified. Here we created an AD mouse model with EC senescence (APP/PS1;TERF2DN mice) by intercrossing APP/PS1 mice with Tie2 promoter-driven dominant negative telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 transgenic mice (TERF2DN-Tg mice). We evaluated cognitive functions and AD brain pathology in APP/PS1;TERF2DN mice. Surprisingly, compared with the control APP/PS1 mice, APP/PS1;TERF2DN mice demonstrated the attenuation of cognitive impairment and amyloid-beta (A beta) pathology, accompanied by the compaction of A beta plaques with increased microglial coverage and reduced neurite dystrophy. Moreover, we evaluated whether EC senescence could affect microglial morphology and phagocytosis of A beta. Compared with wild-type mice, microglia in TERF2DN-Tg mice display increased numbers of endpoints (a morphometric parameter to quantify the number of processes) and A beta phagocytosis and related gene expression. Single-cell RNAsequencing analysis showed that compared with APP/PS1 mouse microglia, APP/PS1;TERF2DN mouse microglia displayed a modest decline in diseaseassociated microglia, accompanied by an altered direction of biological process branching from antigen synthesis and arrangement to ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis. Our outcomes indicate that EC senescence alters microglia toward a protective phenotype with a rise in phagocytic and barrier roles, and may offer a clue to create a novel preventive/therapeutic method to treat AD.