CT-guided local ablative interventions

Background: Applicator-based local ablations under computed tomography (CT) guidance for the treatment of malignant tumors have found their way into clinical routine.Objectives: The basic principles of the different ablation technologies and their specific clinical field of application are described.Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature review regarding applicator based ablation techniques was carried out.Results: Radiofrequency (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) represent two image guided hyperthermal treatment modalities that have been established for the treatment of primary and secondary liver malignancies. In addition, both techniques are also applied for local ablative therapy of lung-and kidney tumors. Cryoablation is mainly used for the local ablation of T1 kidney cancer and due to its intrinsic analgetic characteristics for application in the musculoskeletal system. Nonresectable pancreatic tumors and centrally located liver malignancies can be treated with irreversible electroporation. This nonthermal ablation modality preserves the structure of the extracellular matrix including blood vessels and ducts. Technical advancements in the field of CT-guided interventions include the use of robotics, different tracking and navigation technologies and the use of augmented reality with the goal to achieve higher precision, shorter intervention time and thereby reduce radiation exposure.Conclusion: Percutaneous ablation techniques under CT guidance are an essential part of interventional radiology and they are suited for local treatment of malignancies in most organ systems.