Brain and cortisol responses to smoking cues are linked in tobacco-smoking individuals

Cues associated with smoking can induce relapse, which is likely driven by cue-induced neurobiological and physiological mechanisms. For instance, greater relapse vulnerability is associated with increases in cue-induced insula activation and heightened cortisol concentrations. Determining if there is a link between such cue-induced responses is critical given the need for biomarkers that can be easily measured in clinical settings and used to drive targeted treatment. Further, comprehensively characterising biological reactions to cues promises to aid in the development of therapies that address this specific relapse risk factor. To determine whether brain and cortisol responses to smoking cues are linked, this study recruited 27 nicotine-dependent tobacco-smoking individuals and acquired whole-brain functional activation during a cue reactivity task; salivary cortisol was measured before and after scanning. The results showed that increases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation in the right anterior insula and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) when viewing smoking versus neutral cues were positively correlated with a post-scan rise in salivary cortisol concentrations. These brain regions have been previously implicated in substance use disorders for their role in salience, interoception and executive processes. These findings show that those who have a rise in cortisol following smoking cue exposure also have a related rise in cue-induced brain reactivity, in brain regions previously linked with heightened relapse vulnerability. This is clinically relevant as measuring cue-induced cortisol responses is a more accessible proxy for assessing the engagement of cue-induced neurobiological processes associated with the maintenance of nicotine dependence. The present study establishes a link between increased cortisol and smoking cue reactivity in the insula and DLPFC of tobacco-smoking individuals. These brain regions have been previously implicated in substance use disorders for their role in salience, interoception and executive processes. These findings offer some insights into the possible origins of individual differences in smoking patterns and responses to treatment options.image