Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Combined with Lenvatinib Plus Humanized Programmed Death Receptor-1 in Patients with High-Risk Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Real-World Study

Purpose: The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with high-risk features (Vp4, and/or tumor occupancy & GE;50%) has not been standardized and has poor outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the safety, efficacy, and prognostic impact of lenvatinib, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), and humanized programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) in treating high-risk patients and to explore the biomarkers that may predict the efficacy. Methods: HCC patients with high-risk features treated with lenvatinib, HAIC, and PD-1 were analyzed retrospectively. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response (DOR), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were calculated to evaluate the antitumor efficacy. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were analyzed to assess the safety profiles. Results: Between February 2020 and July 2022, 97 patients were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. The median follow-up time was 447 days. During analysis, 65 patients had disease progression, and 39 patients died. The median PFS and OS were 295 and 579 days, respectively. According to RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST, the ORR was 64.9% and 78.3%, respectively, and the DCR was 92.8%. The median and intrahepatic DOR was 363 and 462 days, respectively. Treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 64 (65.9%) patients, and the most common adverse events were hypertension (9.3%), thrombocytopenia (7.2%), and elevated aspartate transaminase (7.2%). Participants with low levels of serum procalcitonin (PCT) had satisfactory prognosis. Conclusion: Lenvatinib, HAIC, and PD-1 were safe and showed promising antitumor activity against HCC with high-risk features. The initial levels of procalcitonin might be the predictive biomarkers for the combined treatment.