Water-food-energy nexus assessment for major agricultural crops and different irrigation methods of Lake Urmia basin, Iran

In this study, the water-food-energy nexus in the Lake Urmia basin was investigated to establish a balance between water and energy consumption, aiming to protect the environment and ensure food security. The research was conducted on 17 farms located in different parts of the Lake Urmia basin, encompassing the predominant crops in the region as well as a variety of irrigation systems. An integrated water-food-energy nexus index was developed, which included irrigation application efficiency, water productivity, energy ratio, energy efficiency, various water footprints and the carbon footprint. The implementation of drip irrigation systems can significantly reduce potential harm to water and energy resources, and the environment.