Evaluating the effect of prebiotics on the gut microbiome profile and β cell function in youth with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial

Introduction Data show that disturbances in the gut microbiota play a role in glucose homeostasis, type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk and progression. The prebiotic high amylose maize starch (HAMS) alters the gut microbiome profile and metabolites favorably with an increase in bacteria producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that have significant anti-inflammatory effects. HAMS also improves glycemia, insulin sensitivity, and secretion in healthy non-diabetic adults. Additionally, a recent study testing an acetylated and butyrylated form of HAMS (HAMS-AB) that further increases SCFA production prevented T1D in a rodent model without adverse safety effects. The overall objective of this human study will be to assess how daily HAMS-AB consumption impacts the gut microbiome profile, SCFA production, beta cell heath, function, and glycemia as well as immune responses in newly diagnosed T1D youth. Methods and analysis We hypothesize that HAMS-AB intake will improve the gut microbiome profile, increase SCFA production, improve beta cell health, function and glycemia as well as modulate the immune system. We describe here a pilot, randomized crossover trial of HAMS-AB in 12 newly diagnosed T1D youth, ages 11-17 years old, with residual beta cell function. In Aim 1, we will determine the effect of HAMS-AB on the gut microbiome profile and SCFA production; in Aim 2, we will determine the effect of HAMS-AB on beta cell health, function and glycemia; and in Aim 3, we will determine the peripheral blood effect of HAMS-AB on frequency, phenotype and function of specific T cell markers. Results will be used to determine the effect-size estimate of using HAMS-AB. We anticipate beneficial effects from a simple, inexpensive, and safe dietary approach. Ethics and dissemination The Institutional Review Board at Indiana University approved the study protocol. The findings of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed pediatric journal. Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences.