Oxyl-terminated melem nanoparticles as crystallization modulators and passivating anchors for high-performance perovskite solar cells

Despite tremendous improvements in the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells through diverse strategies, there is still a significant gap in terms of consistency and efficiency with respect to conventional structures. The widely accepted methods for passivating perovskite imperfections as well as the controlled growth of perovskite grains continue to create challenges for further improving the performance of devices for practical application. In this work, we designed and developed multifunctional oxyl-terminated melem nanoparticles (OMN) modifiers (containing C-N, C--O, and -OH passivation functional groups) which we incorporated in the perovskite via anti-solvent engineering. The large surface area of OMN ensured that high-quality perovskite films were produced by modulating the crystallization process and thoroughly passivating numerous defects via the anti-solvent. Unlike the charge-transport limiting effect of conventional carbon nitride (CN) nanosheets, our nanoparticles enhanced the photovoltaic performance of the PSCs. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the inverted MAPbI3-based device with OMN demonstrates a notable improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE), achieving a value of 19.31% compared to the 16.75% for the pristine device. The PCE of triplecation perovskite device also increased, rising from 19.58% to 22.65%. Furthermore, the stability of the devices was improved by the combination of high-quality perovskite films and exceptional defect passivation.