Promoting effect of adaptive interaction based on random neighbors to cooperation in the spatial prisoner?s dilemma game

Interaction is an important step in cooperation evolution, and non-deterministic interac-tions are common in complex and changeable environments. Therefore, the number of interactive neighbors reflects the individual's response to the environment. Inspired by this, this study introduces an adaptively adjusted number of interactions based on ran-dom neighbors into a spatial prisoner's dilemma game, in which individuals adaptively adjust the number of interactive neighbors based on the satisfaction of returns. It is note-worthy that the interactive neighbors are randomly selected corresponding to the practical phenomenon that our friends will change over time, thereby resulting in un-fixed friends. As shown by numerous simulations, adaptively adjusting the number of interactive neigh-bors based on random neighbors can significantly enhance cooperation, and it performs better in strengthening cooperation than traditional deterministic interactions. Apart from that, cooperation can be promoted by an appropriate interactive neighborhood. Overall, this study is expected to help inspire more research on addressing social dilemmas.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.