Risk communication of tanning salon companies: Qualitative content analysis of web-based information on health risks of artificial tanning

Background Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause damage to skin and eyes and also impair the immune system. International studies indicate that tanning salon companies describe health risks of UV-radiation in an incomplete and partially incorrect and misleading way. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how German tanning salon companies inform about health risks of artificial tanning on their websites.Methods A qualitative research design was implemented and a sample of 10 websites of tanning salon chains (325 salons) was selected chronologically via the search engine Google. Textual content of information sections was analyzed in MAXQDA conducting qualitative content analysis and deductive-inductive categorizationResults Overall, 90% of the included tanning salon companies provide information on effects of UV radiation on the skin. Consequences for eyes (30%) and immune system (30%) are mentioned by the minority of websites. More specifically, only one tanning salon chain each describes skin cancer, damage to the eyes and immunosuppression as negative effects of UV radiation. In contrast, 30% inform that there is no increased risk of skin cancer with artificial tanning. In addition, 20 and 60% mention an anti-aging effect of the skin by UV radiation and radiation combinations.Conclusions In accordance with international study results, solarium operators in Germany also provide incomplete information on health risks. Various information cannot be confirmed or is contradicted by scientific evidence. Thus, it can be assumed that an informed risk-benefit assessment of artificial tanning is not possible. The policymakers are thus called upon to hold tanning salon chains more accountable and to ensure that advertisement of carcinogenic UV exposure for cosmetic purposes is strongly regulated or the offer is stopped. The health risks associated with artificial tanning should also be pointed out elsewhere, such as in the context of UV-protection advice in the medical setting.