Seroprevalence and risk factors for Taenia spp infection in pigs in Kongwa and Songwe districts, Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis (PCC) is widespread in many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) where free-range pig rearing is common and hygienic standards are subpar. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 42 villages between June and September 2019 (14 in Songwe district, southwest Tanzania, and 28 in Kongwa district, central Tanzania). Using a commercial Ag-ELISA kit (apDia, Belgium), circulating antigens of Taenia spp in pig serum were identified and used to calculate the PCC seroprevalence. The study recruited 692 randomly selected households, sampling one pig per household. The relationship between each risk factor and the seroprevalence of PCC at the household and village levels was analysed using mixed logistic regression models. The findings showed that approximately 28% of the pigs were reared in free-range settings, the proportion of households with latrines across the districts was 92%. Twenty-seven percent of households with latrines had water and soap available for hand washing. Sixty-seven (9.7%) tested positive for PCC based on Ag-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence in Kongwa and Songwe districts was 7.3% and 14.0% respectively. In addition, the overall village Ag-ELISA positivity was 9.3%, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% - 14.1%. Increasing the age of the pig (OR = 3.13 95% CI = 1.48 - 6.60; p = 0.003), pig originating from outside the household (OR = 0.5 95% CI = 0.25 - 0.99; p = 0.05), and pigs kept in a household that practised deworming (OR = 2.23 95% CI = 1.08 - 4.61; p = 0.03) were important risk factors associated with PCC positivity. Therefore, the high seroprevalence of PCC, up to 14%, calls for rapid and effective control actions such as vaccination and treatment of pigs against PCC, and public health education emphasises on indoor