Exposure to proton pump inhibitors and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUNDExposure to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been reported to have a potential role in the development of diabetes. AIMTo determine the association between PPIs and diabetes. METHODSThis meta-analysis is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022352704). In August 2022, eligible studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search. In this study, odds ratios were combined with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects model. The source of heterogeneity was assessed using sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis. The publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and Begg's test. RESULTSThe meta-analysis included 9 studies with a total of 867185 participants. Results showed that the use of PPIs increased the risk of diabetes (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.43, n = 9, I-2 = 96.3%). Subgroup analysis showed that geographic location and study type had significant effects on the overall results. Both Egger's and Begg's tests showed no publication bias (P > 0.05). Sensitivity analysis also confirmed the stability of the results. CONCLUSIONThe results of this study indicated that the use of PPIs was related to an increased risk of diabetes. However, more well-designed studies are needed to verify these results in the future.