Perron-Frobenius type theorem for nonnegative tubal matrices in the sense of t-product

This paper is focused on the study of Perron-Frobenius (PF) type theorem for nonnegative tubal matrices, where a tubal matrix is a matrix with every element being a tubal scalar (a vector in the usual sense). Such a matrix is often recognized as a third-order tensor. The product between tubal scalars, tubal vectors, and tubal matrices can be done by the powerful t-product. In this paper, we define nonnegative/positive/strongly positive tubal scalars/vectors/matrices, and establish several properties that are analogous to their matrix counterparts. In particular, we introduce irreducible tubal matrices and provide two equivalent characterizations. Then, the celebrated PF theorem is established on the nonnegative irreducible tubal matrices. We show that some conclusions of the PF theorem for nonnegative irreducible matrices, such as the existence of a positive eigenvector, can be generalized to the tubal matrix setting, while some are not. For those conclusions that can not be extended, weaker conclusions are proved. We also show that, if the nonnegative irreducible tubal matrix contains a strongly positive tubal scalar, then most conclusions of the matrix PF theorem hold.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.