Adhesion Improvement of Bio-Based Epoxy in Environmentally Friendly and High-Performance Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Developing robust bio-based epoxy against petroleum-derived epoxy is necessary for environmentally friendly and high-performance natural fiber-reinforced composites. A bio-based vanillin epoxy (VE) is synthesized from the lignin-derived vanillin, and a thermoset resin is prepared after mixing it with a 4,4 '-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener. Further, it is infused in high-cellulose-containing alkali-treated jute fiber (TJF) mats through a simple approach to enhance the adhesion between the VE-DDM and TJF. Bio-based VE-DDM resin shows better compatibility with TJF than petroleum-derived bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) epoxy. The bio-based VE-DDM/TJF composite demonstrates the T(g)is approximate to 165 degrees C, tensile strength is approximate to 83.12 +/- 3.80 MPa, and Young's modulus is approximate to 2.86 +/- 0.10 GPa with excellent flexural strength (138.72 +/- 3.81 MPa) and flexural modulus (8.01 +/- 0.11 GPa). It also shows merits regarding hydrophobicity, reduced water absorption ability, durability, and chemical resistance in an acidic medium. The natural fiber-reinforced VE composites pave the way to produce environmentally friendly and high-performance composites for structural applications.