Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Boost the Immune Responses in Oreochromis niloticus and Improve Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection

Zinc is an essential element affecting immune responses in aquatic organisms. In the present research, the immunomodulating effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was studied in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The minimum inhibitory concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for Aeromonas hydrophila was estimated at 60 mu g/mL. To evaluate the efficacy of ZnO NPs for improving disease resistance against A. hydrophila, three hundred fish were divided into 5 groups. Fish in the group T1 maintained on the control feed, T2 and T3 feed on ZnO at 60 and 30 mu g/g, while T4 and T5 received ZnO NPs at 60 and 30 mu g/g, respectively for 8 weeks. Immune responses were evaluated by determining the phagocytic activity, serum antibacterial activity, lysozymes, respiratory burst activity, and also gene expression of immunoglobin M-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, heat shock proteins, IL-10, insulin growth factor 1, transforming growth factor-beta 2, superoxide dismutase enzyme, and catalase enzyme genes. Results indicated that groups that received ZnO NPs have exaggerated immune response and upregulation in the most of expressed immune-related genes. After the feeding trial, all groups were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila, and the mortality rate was monitored. Among all the treated groups, a higher survival rate and disease resistance were observed for fish that received ZnO NPs at 30 and 60 mu g/g. The inclusion of ZnO NPs in O. niloticus feed improves both fish immune response and disease resistance against A. hydrophila.