Nano-ROS-generating approaches to cancer dynamic therapy: Lessons from nanoparticles

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based dynamic cancer therapies are therapeutic modalities of endogenous/ exogenous-responsive intratumoral ROS generation, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), radiation dynamic therapy (RDT), electrodynamic therapy (EDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and microwave dynamic therapy (MDT). Dozens of pre-clinical and clinical evidences indicate that ROS-manipulated dynamic therapies effectively promote tumor regression. However, these dynamic therapeutic strategies face major obstacles, containing an insufficient supply of exogenous or endogenous stimulation, the potential toxicity of off-target initiators, and poor treatment outcome amongst deep solid tumors. With the rapid progress of biomedical nanotechnology, various cancer dynamic therapeutic nanoplatforms have been estab-lished to induce ROS production for treating a refractory tumor with high selectivity, safety, and non-invasiveness. This review outlines ROS-based fundamental mechanisms and the current clinical status of dy-namic therapies. We summarize the recent advances of nanotechnology-assisted dynamic therapies in their su-periority, single dynamic nano-applications against cancers, and synergistic effects of various dynamic nano -therapeutic modalities. Moreover, potential challenges and prospects have also been discussed. This review describes the advantages of ROS-based dynamic nano-therapies, aiming to release the inherent power of ROS for optimizing treatment effects.