Can resistance training improve mental health outcomes in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effects of resistance training (RT) and to compare the different RT prescriptions, sample characteristics, and mental health outcomes (depressive and anxiety symptoms) in older adults. Methods All studies that were available on 28th April 2023. For the analysis of intervention effects on depressive and anxiety symptoms, standardized mean differences and standard errors were calculated. Meta-analyses using random-effects models, employing robust variance meta-regression for multilevel data structures, with adjustments for small samples. Results For depressive symptoms, the mean effect was - 0.94 (95 %CI: -1.45 - -0.43, P< 0.01, I-2= 93.4 %), and for anxiety symptoms, the mean effect was -1.33 (95 %CI: -2.10 - -0.56, P< 0.01, I-2= 92.3 %). The mean effect was -0.51 (95 %CI: -0.67 - -0.35, P< 0.01, I-2= 36.7 %) for older adults without mental disorders, and those with mental disorders the mean effect was ES= -2.15 (95 %CI: -3.01 - - 1.29, P< 0.01, I-2= 91.5 %). Conclusion RT was able to improve mental health outcomes in individuals with and without mental disorders, and some RT characteristics influenced the effect of RT on mental health.