Damage detection and localization based on different types of actuators using the electromechanical impedance method in 3D-printed material

Electromechanical impedance (EMI) measurement, using piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) in the high-frequency range is a potential method for assessing the health of lightweight structures. The major objective of this work is to comprehend how different actuators react to damage in additively manufactured (AM) polymer structures. A novel frequency-range selection technique was suggested based on the maxima of the standard deviation of the impedance frequency spectra gathered for the referential and damage cases. A 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate was used for the investigation, where two PZT and one macro fiber composite (MFC) actuator were glued to the surface. Small magnets were used to simulate damage and were positioned at increasing distances from each transducer as EMI measurements were made using the MFC and 1 PZT. This served both in studying the transducers' sensitivity to damage and selecting the proper frequency range for damage detection utilizing the standard-deviation approach. The EMI-acquired data from the MFC actuator displays damage-sensitive peaks in a low-frequency band (0-58 kHz ), while the PZT shows a good sensitivity in a higher frequency range (94-304 kHz ). In order to evaluate the PZT and MFC actuators' sensitivity to damage in the 3D-printed ABS plate, impact damage is also generated in the plate's center. The impedance-based damage indices obtained from different types of PZTs (2 PZTs and 1 MFC) were projected to the same base level and then fused-for the first time-for impact-damage localization and further added magnetic mass damage localization. The obtained damage index values of impedance are encouraging for the evaluation of AM polymer structures with a 4.48 mm positional error from a real location by fusing data in the different frequency ranges for PZTs and MFC. The damage localization error increases significantly to the new location beyond the damage sensitivity range of the PZT2 and MFC for the added magnetic mass on the 3D printed structure.