Hindcasting and predicting surge heights and waves on the Taiwan coast using a hybrid typhoon wind and tide-surge-wave coupled model

The tide-surge-wave coupled model and hybrid typhoon wind model were developed for the Taiwan coast and employed to predict surge heights and waves under different influential factors during historical typhoon events. The results revealed that the hybrid wind model matched the measured atmospheric pressure and wind speed time series during Typhoon Soudelor (2015) and Typhoon Nesat (2017). Afterward, the measured water level, wave height, and wave period time series at different measuring stations were used to validate the tide-surge-wave coupled model. The coupled model reasonably reproduced the measured data. Subsequently, the vali-dated model was utilized to explore the influence of the radius of maximum wind (RMW), forward speed, at-mospheric pressure, wind intensity, and typhoon path on surge height, wave height, and wave setup. The results with model prediction indicate that increasing the RMW causes an increasing negative surge height and wave height and shifts the time of the peak positive surge height and peak wave height. A smaller forward speed results in a larger positive peak surge height and peak wave height at most stations. The maximum ratio changes in negative peak surge height compared with the baseline condition with Typhoon Soudelor (2015) are 105.4% and-116.0% for increasing and decreasing 20 hPa atmospheric pressures at the Linshanbi station, respectively. The differences in maximum peak wave height (ratio change) for an increasing and decreasing 10 m/s wind speed are 6.44 m (47.2%) and-5.80 m (-42.4%), respectively. The predicted results indicate that the difference in the maximum peak positive surge height (maximum ratio change) compared with the baseline condition is 1.1 m (315.2%), thereby shifting the typhoon track to the north by 100 km at the Waipu station.