Engine-out emissions from an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine - The characteristics of nitro-compounds and GHG emissions

In the transportation sector, ammonia used as a power source plays a significant role in the scenario of carbon neutralization. However, the engine -out emissions correlations of ammonia -diesel dual -fuel (DF) engines are still not totally clear, especially the nitro -compounds of great concern and GHG. In this study, the engine -out emissions are evaluated by using a four -cylinder pilot diesel -ignited ammonia DF engine. Various operating conditions consisting of ammonia energy ratio (AER), engine load, and speed were carried out. Unburned NH3 increases with raising ammonia content but decreases with increasing engine load and speed. The NO + NO2 tendency shows a non -linearity trend with increasing ammonia content, while a trade-off correlation is linked to N2O. The 20 % and 70 % decarbonization targets need 40 % and 80 % ammonia energy without regard to N2O's effect, while at least 60 % and 90 % ammonia energy respectively with considering N2O. N2O presents a parabolic -like tendency with AERs. Advanced pilot -diesel injection timing helps to reduce both NH3 and N2O, but this effect becomes insignificant as the AER is less than 0.4. A combustion optimization strategy of the rapid heat release and ammonia -governed heat release respectively are revealed. The possible emission improvements are discussed in detail.