Characterization of Microplastics and Associated Heavy Metals in Urban Soils Affected by Anthropogenic Littering: Distribution, Spatial Variation, and Influence of Soil Properties

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in terrestrial and marine environments. This research work studied the occurrence, distribution of MPs and heavy metals associated with these MPs in soils of different land- use types viz. residential, commercial, and industrial areas. We identified 15 types of MP polymers, of which polypropylene (15.51%), polyethylene (12.28%), polyamide (9.57%) were dominant. MPs abundance ranged from 8.54 x 10(4) to 8.51 x 10(5) particles/kg of soil. Average abundance of MPs in the three fractions viz. < 1 mm, 1-2 mm, and 2-5 mm were 1.85 x 10(5), 1.31 x 10(5), and 697.5 particles/kg of soil, respectively. Among the three land use types, MPs abundance in < 1 mm and 1-2 mm soil fractions were significantly higher in residential areas than that in commercial and industrial areas, i.e. <1 mm: 3.4 x 10(5), 1.26 x 10(4) and 9.0 x 10(4), and 1-2 mm: 2.35 x 10(5), 8.36 x 10(4), and 7.50 x 10(4) particles/kg, respectively, for residential, commercial and industrial areas respectively. The average concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb in soils were 31.79, 11047.29, 423.92, 0.05, 11.86, 17.53, 125.95 and 28.29 mg/kg, respectively, whereas that in MPs were 6.27, 2181.64, 277.36, 0.24, 6.43, 8.29, 47.05 and 9.24 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of Cd sorbed on MPs was higher than those found in soils. Also, Pb and Cd in MPs were positively correlated to MPs abundance, indicating MPs can be vectors of heavy metals in soils. The synergistic effect of MPs and heavy metals might put soil organisms at risk.