Microplastic pollution and its implicated risks in the estuarine environment of Tamil Nadu, India

Estuaries are transition zones between freshwater and seawater. There are only few studies on microplastic (MPs) pollution in estuaries. In this study, investigating the spatiotemporal variations of MPs in water, sediment and biota samples of 19 estuaries in Tamil Nadu, India, we assessed the chemical and human exposure risks ofMPs. MPs extracted by digestion and density separation and characterized them using microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays. MP abundancesin summer and monsoon range from 31.7 +/- 3.8 to 154.7 +/- 4.2 items/L in water and 51.7 +/- 3.6 to 171.4 +/- 9.1 items/kg in sediment. Highest MPs abundance is found inwater and sediment of the urbanized Adayar estuary. MP levels are higher in monsoon than in summer (P < 0.05) due to the discharge of wastewater via storm water outlets. More small-size MPs are found in summer (<0.5-1 mm) while monsoon has a greater diversity of MP polymers (MPDII: 0.81). MP abundance in fish varies from 0.01 +/- 0.003 to 0.15 +/- 0.03 items/g, and in shellfish from 0.75 +/- 0.12 to 9.7 +/- 0.28 items/g. In fish, more MPs are found in intestine than in gill or muscle. Shell fishes contain more MPs than fishes. In all the matrices, fibers of different sizes, and polymers of polyethylene and polypropylene are commonly found. An average local person is likely to ingest 781 items ofMPs via fish and 2809 items via shellfish annually. Polymer hazard index shows hazard levels of IV to V indicating the serious MP pollution trend, which poses a risk to the biota. In conclusion, MPs observed in this study showthat estuaries are a major pathway for land-derived plastics to reach the ocean. The results will help implement remedial/clean-up measures for the estuary for better ecosystem conservation.