Haplotype mapping of H3K27me3-associated chromatin interactions defines topological regulation of gene silencing in rice

Histone modification H3K27me3 is an important chromatin mark that plays vital roles in repressing expres-sion of developmental genes. Here, we construct high-resolution 3D genome maps using long-read chro-matin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) and characterize H3K27me3-associated chromatin interactions in an elite rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. We find that many H3K27me3-marked regions may function as silencer-like regulatory elements. The silencer-like elements can come into proximity with distal target genes via forming chromatin loops in 3D space of the nuclei, regulating gene silencing and plant traits. Natural and induced deletion of silencers upregulate expression of distal connected genes. Furthermore, we identify extensive allele-specific chromatin loops. We find that genetic variations alter allelic chromatin topol-ogy, thus modulating allelic gene imprinting in rice hybrids. In conclusion, the characterization of silencer-like regulatory elements and haplotype-resolved chromatin interaction maps provide insights into the under-standing of molecular mechanisms underlying allelic gene silencing and plant trait controlling.