Simultaneous synthesis and application of TiO2 nanoparticles using mulberry leaves for functionalization of organic cotton fabric

Herein we report synthesis and multifunctional properties of in-situ-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) applied to organic weaved cotton fabric. The TiO2NPs, synthesized through a green and sustainable process by using mulberry leaves as a green precursor, were characterized to ensure their stability and efficacy for textile applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphological changes on the fabric's surface after TiO2NP treatment, confirming the presence of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the anatase crystalline phase of the TiO2NPs, with an average crystallite size of 28.34 nm. Zeta potential measurements indicated the stability of the TiO2NPs, with a highly negative value of -18.2 mV, suggesting even coating by plant phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy further validated the chemical interactions between TiO2NPs and the fabric. The TiO2NP-treated fabric displayed excellent color properties, UV protection (UPF 195.68 +/- 11.44), and antibacterial activity, albeit less potent than commercial antibiotics. The colorfastness results demonstrated resistance to washing, rubbing, and light exposure, meeting industry standards. Hence, the eco-friendly synthesis of TiO2NPs using mulberry leaves as a green precursor demonstrates a sustainable approach to enhance the multifunctional properties of organic cotton fabric, presenting a promising avenue for the development of environmentally conscious textiles with improved coloration, UV protection, and antibacterial features, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable materials in diverse applications.