Newer Directions for Parallel Process in Social Work Supervision

This article explores the concept of parallel process, the flow of unconscious client material from supervisee to supervisor and the reverse of this flow, which may lead to impasses within the supervisory triad. It also discusses the concept of modeling, or observational learning, which deviates from key constructs of parallel process, yet at times has been conflated with parallel process in social work scholarship, pedagogy, and practice. In highlighting the differences between the two concepts, we seek to show the scope of their respective explanatory power and to heighten awareness and help supervisors make conscious choices in supervision that align with a clear understanding of their theoretical underpinnings. We examine newer directions for parallel process that include its connections to neurobiology, trauma, and diversity, intersectionality, and cultural humility, and we provide two case vignettes to elucidate the phenomenon. Finally, we offer an integrative discussion of implications for supervision.