Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish Caught from the Northwest Persian Gulf

Marine fish may become contaminated as a result of environmental pollution including hazardous metals. Due to the presence of metalloids and toxic metals such as cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc in fish tissue, it may endanger health, considering the countless benefits of consuming fish, which can harm the human body if consumed in toxic amounts. Therefore, it is vital to monitor the concentration of metals in fish meat to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and protect the consumer. We considered the levels of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in 60 marine fish samples (3 species) collected from coastal areas of the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf and estimated their health risk. Mean concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were 1.88 +/- 0.07 mu g/g, 27.16 +/- 8.11 mu g/g, 11.55 +/- 4.12 mu g/g, 14 +/- 0.06 mu g/g, and 0.19 +/- 0.03 mu g/g wet weight. Estimated average daily intakes (EDIs) for adults and children of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were 0.89-4.15 mu g/kg bw/day, 12.89-60.02 mu g/kg bw/day, 5.47-25.53 mu g/kg bw/day, 0.54-2.51 mu g/kg bw/day, and 0.09-0.42 mu g/kg bw/day. Our analysis revealed elevated levels of Ni and Pb in the fish samples, raising concerns about potential health hazards associated with their consumption. This study provides critical insights into heavy metal contamination in marine fish, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring and proactive measures to ensure safe seafood consumption in the northwest Persian Gulf.