Combined effects of temperature and burial on seed germination and seedling growth rates of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides

As tropical seagrass meadows decline throughout the tropics, propagule transplantation is being used as an effective restoration method. This technique promotes genetic diversity in the restored seagrass meadows. Although many environmental factors, especially temperature and burial, can influence the success of seed/ seedling transplantation success, little is known about these effects on transplanted tropical seagrass propagules. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 92-day laboratory incubation experiment to test the effects of representive temperatures (20 degrees C and 30 degrees C) and burial status (with and without burial) on germination and seedling growth of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides. Results showed that germination rate was 3-fold higher in the treatment without burial (75%) than in the treatment with burial (25%). The germination suc-cess rate in the 30 degrees C treatment was about two times higher than that of the 20 degrees C treatment. When burial and temperature were tested in combination, germination success was highest in the 30 degrees C without burial treatment while the lowest rates were obtained in the 20 degrees C and burial treatment. Further, the temperature of 30 degrees C benefited leaf and root growth as well. These results illustrate that burial decreased E. acoroides germination, while high temperature enhanced both germination and seedling growth. Thus, transplantation of E. acoroides propagules for tropical seagrass restoration should be conducted when seawater temperature is warm, and the seeds should be fixed on the sediment surface rather than buried.