The mixed convection flow of a Williamson nanoliquid over a rotating sphere with the aspects of activation energy

The nonlinear mixed convective flow of a Williamson nanofluid over a rotating sphere with liquid hydrogen diffusion is examined in this paper. In addition, the activation energy and magnetic effects are taken into account in the analysis. This study is novel because it investigates the effects of nanoparticles, sphere rotation, and nonlinear convection on flow and heat transfer. The Boussinesq approximation is used to transform the problem into a system of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The implicit finite difference method and the quasilinearization technique are used for mathematical computations. The heat transfer rate is about 9% more in the presence of nonlinear convection than in the absence of nonlinear convection. The mass transfer rate is increased by about 19% when the value of the Brownian motion parameter rises from 0.1 to 0.3. The streamwise velocity is more pronounced for the nanofluid than for the Williamson nanofluid. The higher activation energy values decrease the concentration of the chemical species.