"From food waste to food supervision"-Cuttlefish Ink Natural Nanoparticles-Driven Dual-mode Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Advancing Point-of-Care Tests

Apart from the obvious benefit of "trash-to-treasure", the acquisition of natural nanomaterials from cheap and renewable waste has been intensively researched because of various bioactivities and physical-chemical features. Herein, for the first time, we employed natural cuttlefish ink nanoparticles (CINPs) as a multifunctional label and designed colorimetric-photothermal dual-mode lateral flow immunoassays (CINPs-mediated CPLFIA) for sensi-tive detection of clenbuterol (CL). The accessibility and renewability of CINPs overcome barriers that artificial nanomaterials face, such as complex manufacturing and relatively high costs. Additionally, inspired by the mussel adhesion, the bio-affinity of CINPs, such as antibody coupling and preservation, was investigated and showed to be considerably superior to Au NPs, leading to significantly increased immunosensor sensitivity. Meanwhile, CINPs exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency for dual-signal production, avoiding the effect of environmental elements (particularly light) for colorimetric mode. Besides, the biosensor was integrated with a smartphone and a thermal imager for portable sensing. After optimization, the detection limit of CINPs-mediated CPLFIA was 0.179 ng mL-1 (colorimetric mode) and 0.076 ng mL-1 (photothermal mode), which were significantly lower than traditional gold nanoparticles-based LFIA (0.786 ng mL-1). This research attempted to explain the rise in sensitivity. From food waste to food supervision, this research explores the hidden value of natural resources.