A research-based conceptual framework for inclusive K-12 online, distance, and digital education

K-12 students who were identified or at risk of being identified as having disabilities had been entering learning environments that were fully or partially online. The increase in participation of this population and the emergency circumstances during COVID-19 pandemic-related school building closures brought a need for research into what supports students in the full range of digital environments. The purpose of this article is to propose a research-based conceptual framework for Inclusive Online, Distance and Digital Education (IODDE) in K-12 settings. IODDE focuses on learners' biopsychosocial needs alongside two major types of supports: policy supports, and direct learner supports. There are also two types of crucial access: digital access and instructional access. Ensuring learners' success requires contexts where access and supports are in balance with learner needs.