The effect of nurse-led digital health interventions on blood pressure control for people with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: Nurse -led digital health interventions (DHIs) for people with chronic disease are increasing. However, the effect of nurse -led DHIs on blood pressure control and hypertension self-management remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of nurse -led DHIs for people with hypertension and compared the effect size of nurse -led DHIs with that of usual care to establish evidence for the development of effective nursing interventions using technologies.Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews of Intervention (PRISMA) guidelines and registered the protocol in PROSPERO. Studies published from 2000 to August 5, 2021, were searched using the international databases: PubMed; Embase; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Web of Science; CINAHL; Korean databases: RISS, KISS, KMBASE; and NDSL. Risk of bias 2.0 was used for evaluating the quality of studies. The primary outcome was blood pressure control. The secondary outcomes were self-management, medication adherence, and diet adherence. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger's regression tests.Findings: The systematic review included 26 studies. A meta-analysis of 21 studies was conducted to calculate the effect size and identify heterogeneity among the included studies. In our meta-analysis, we observed that nurse -led DHIs reduced systolic blood pressure by 6.49 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -8.52 to -4.46, I-2 = 75.4%, p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure by 3.30 mmHg (95% CI: -4.58 to -2.01, I-2 = 70.3%, p < 0.05) when compared with usual care. Concerning secondary outcomes, the effect size on self-management, medication adherence, and diet adherence was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.58 to 1.37, I-2 = 63.2%, p < 0.05), 1.05 (95% CI: 0.41 to 1.69, I-2 = 92.5%, p < 0.05), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.17 to 1.42, I-2 = 80.5%, p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: Nurse -led DHIs were more effective in reducing blood pressure and enhancing self-management than usual care among people with hypertension. Therefore, as new technologies are being rapidly developed and applied in healthcare systems, further studies and policy support are needed to utilize the latest digital innovations with nursing interventions.