Zwitterionic polymers: Addressing the barriers for drug delivery

Nanocarriers play an important role in drug delivery for disease treatment. However, nanocarriers face a series of physiological barriers after administration such as blood clearance, nonspecific tissue/cell localization, poor cellular uptake, and endosome trapping. These physiological barriers seriously reduce the accumulation of drugs in target action site, which results in poor therapeutic efficiency. Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) can increase the blood circulation time of nanocarriers, its application is limited due to the "PEG dilemma". Zwitterionic polymers have been emerging as an appealing alternative to PEG owing to their excellent performance in resisting nonspecific protein adsorption. Importantly, the diverse structures bring functional versatility to zwitterionic polymers beyond nonfouling. This review focuses on the structures and characters of zwitterionic polymers, and will discuss and summarize the application of zwitterionic polymers for drug delivery. We will highlight the strategies of zwitterionic polymers to address the physiological barriers during drug delivery. Finally, we will give some suggestions that can be utilized for the development of zwitterionic polymers for drug delivery. This review will also provide an outlook for this field. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive and systemic review on the application of zwitterionic polymers for drug delivery and promote the development of zwitterionic polymers.& COPY; 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.