Human Health Risk Assessment due to the Incidence of Heavy Metals in Different Commercial Feeds Used for the Culturing of Biofloc Fish (Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus)

Fish meat is a major and rich source of white protein; its quality is determined by the fish feed. However, the low-quality feed may contribute to a source of contamination if it does not fulfill the standard protocol. Biofloc is considered one of the most efficient, successful aquacultures, but this system is still under investigation for its efficiency and safety. Thus, current study focused on the heavy metal contamination in biofloc fish fed on different commercial feeds and human health risk analysis. Samples of extensively used three feeds (Supreme & TRADE;, Hitech & TRADE;, and MH-Aqua & TRADE;), tanks water, and biofloc fish (gills, liver muscle) were collected for heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr) analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. An experiment was designed by dividing the fish into three groups: group 1 (Supreme & TRADE;), group 2 (Hitech & TRADE;), and group 3 (MH-Aqua & TRADE;). A bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment have been calculated to measure fish and human health. Results revealed that most of the heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in MH-Aqua & TRADE; feed compared to others. Similarly, heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the water of group 3, where fish was cultured on MH-Aqua & TRADE; feed. However, in the fish gills, liver, and muscle, the heavy metal concentration was significantly greater in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua & TRADE; feed, followed by group 1. Heavy metals in all feeds were positively correlated to the heavy metal concentration of the fish muscles. The bioaccumulation factor for Cu and Pb was higher in the fish liver, Cd and Cr in the case of fish gills, and least in the fish muscle. EDI and THQ values vary in all the groups, while the HI value was found lower than 1 in group 1 and group 2 but higher in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua & TRADE; feed. Strict checks and balances in formulating a diet will be helpful to progressively lower the amount of dangerous heavy metals.