Representation of Chronic Kidney Disease in Randomized Controlled Trials Among Patients With Heart failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review

Patients with advanced chronic kidney dis-ease (CKD) have largely been excluded from random-ized control trials (RCTs) in heart failure (HF). This creates a paucity of high quality evidence for guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT), particularly in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection frac-tion (HFrEF) and CKD. This is a systematic review looking at the patterns and rates of inclusion of CKD in RCTs among patients with HFrEF. The search included RCTs from January 2010 to December 2020. A heat map was constructed to reflect the stages of CKD stages. The percentage of studies that included advanced CKD (stages IV-V) was recorded and log transformed, and then fitted into a time regression model. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of the 3052 screened, 706 studies were included in the analysis. Only 61% of the RCTs reported at least some information on kidney function. There was a trend of increase in percentage of studies that included CKD stages IV-V from years 2010 to 2020. This was confirmed with a statistically significant linear trend P = 0.02 while the percentage of studies that included dialysis and kidney transplant recipients remained consistently low. There is a paucity of high -quality evidence for GDMT in the HFrEF population with CKD, particularly in those with advanced non-dialytic CKD, those on maintenance dialysis and kid-ney transplant recipients. There is a pressing need for wider inclusion of patients with advanced CKD in RCTs of GDMT in HFrEF. (Curr Probl Cardiol 2023;48:101047.)