Maximizing the Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Leaves Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Accelerated Solvent Extraction

Due to the presence of diverse phenolic classes in wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) leaves, there is an ever-growing effort to find new, efficient methods for their recovery and detailed characterization. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were evaluated to understand the impact of the extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent-to-sample ratio (SSR) on the quantitative and qualitative properties of the obtained extracts. The highest total phenolic content (8027 mg GA/100 g DW), as well as the highest DPPH center dot antiradical activity (903 mu mol TE/g DW), was obtained with ASE at 150 degrees C with a static time of 5 min and an SSR of 40:1, while the highest ABTS(center dot+) antiradical activity (681 mu mol TE/g DW) and FRAP (2389 mu mol TE/g DW) were obtained with MAE after 5 min at 80 degrees C and an SSR of 40:1. A total of 54 different phenolics were identified by UPLC/MS-MS, some for the first time. The MAE extract had a higher content of phenolic acids (40%; esp. p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid) and myricetin, while the ASE extract was richer in proanthocyanidins (88%; esp. procyanidin B1, procyanidin trimer), flavonols (29%; esp. quercetin, quercetin-3-glucuronide, rutin), flavan-3-ols (50%; esp. epicatechin), and flavones (39%; esp. luteolin). The results indicated that for optimal extraction conditions, the target phenolics and the desired antioxidant properties of the obtained extracts should be considered.