Association between Household Solid Fuel Use and Sarcopenia Risk among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

BackgroundsHousehold solid fuel have been associated with changes of handgrip strength, and exposure to ambient air pollution might be one risk factor of sarcopenia. However, the prospective association between household solid fuel use and sarcopenia remains limited.MethodsA total of 11,924 participants (5,723 men (48%) and 6,201 women (52%) with the average age was 59.17 +/- 9.57 years) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 were included in cross-sectional analyses. 7,507 participants at baseline were included in longitudinal analyses and were followed up in 2015. Sarcopenia status was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS 2019) criteria.ResultsIn cross-sectional analyses, the participants who used solid fuel for cooking and heating had higher prevalence of sarcopenia than those who used clean fuel. During the follow-up, 302 (4.02%) participants experienced sarcopenia. In the longitudinal analysis, after multivariable adjustment of age, sex and other risk factors, individuals who used solid fuel for cooking had an elevated risk of new-onset sarcopenia, with corresponding odds ratio of 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.71). Consistently, individuals reported solid fuels use for heating were associated with 20% (odds ratio=1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.56) increased risk of sarcopenia. In addition, a self-reported switch from clean to solid fuel for cooking appeared to have an increased sarcopenia risk (odds ratio=1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.43).ConclusionUsing household solid fuel for cooking and heating was associated with increased risk of sarcopenia prevalence and incidence.