Management of adult patients with haematological malignancies in critical care

There are a diverse range of haematological malignancies with varying clinical presentations and prognoses. Patients with haematological malignancy may require admission to critical care at the time of diagnosis or due to treatment related effects and complications. Although the prognosis for such patients requiring critical care has improved, there remain uncertainties in optimal clinical management. Identification of patients who will benefit from critical care admission is challenging and selective involvement of palliative care may help to reduce unnecessary and non-beneficial treatments. While patients with haematological malignancy can present a challenge to critical care physicians, good outcomes can be achieved. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of relevant haematological malignancies for the critical care physician and a summary of recent treatment advances. Subsequently, we focus on critical care management for the patient with haematological malignancy including sepsis; acute respiratory failure; prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome; thrombocytopaenia; and venous thromboembolism. We also discuss immunotherapeutic-specific related complications and their management, including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. While the management of haematological malignancies is highly specialised and increasingly centralised, acutely unwell patients often present to their local hospital with complications requiring critical care expertise. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of disease and management principles for non-specialist critical care teams.