Downregulation of XBP1s aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by promoting NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways' activation in goat endometrial epithelial cells

After delivery, bacterial contamination and uterine tissue degeneration in animals can lead to the development of uterine diseases, such as endometritis, accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Increasing evidence suggests that spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), a critical component of ERS, is involved in several pathological processes in various organisms. However, the specific molecular mechanisms by which XBP1s mediates the inflammatory response in goat endometrial epithelial cells (gEECs) remain largely unknown. In the present study, XBP1s protein was induced into the nucleus in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 & mu;g/mL)-induced inflammatory response of gEECs. Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression and nucleation of XBP1s were reduced by the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) using TAK-242 (1 & mu;M; a TLR4 inhibitor). Expression and nucleation of XBP1s were similarly reduced when the activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 & alpha; (IRE1 & alpha;) was inhibited using 4 & mu;8C (10 & mu;M; an IRE1 & alpha; inhibitor). In addition, inhibition of IRE1a increased IL-1 & beta;, TNF-& alpha;, and IL8 levels and secretion of IL-6 induced by LPS. Notably, phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-& kappa;B) P65 protein and expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) were similarly increased. Furthermore, knockdown of XBP1s in gEECs consistently promoted NF-& kappa;B P65 protein phosphorylation, NLRP3 protein expression, and inflammatory cytokine secretion. In summary, the current results suggest that in the LPS-induced inflammatory response in gEECs, LPS generates intracellular signaling cascades in gEECs via TLR4, which may promote XBP1s protein expression and nucleation by activating IRE1a. However, downregulation of XBP1s expression exacerbates inflammation by promoting activation of the NF-& kappa;B and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle pathways. These results will potentially contribute to the treatment and prevention of endometritis in ruminants.