Detecting geographical clusters of low birth weight and/or preterm birth in Japan

In Japan, mean birth weight has significantly decreased from 3152 g in 1979 to 3018 g in 2010 and the prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) has risen to 5.7% in the last thirty years. However, the presence and magnitude of geographical differences in low birthweight (LBW) and/or PTB in Japan is not well understood. We implemented spatial analysis to identify localized clusters and hot spots of LBW and/or PTB during 2012-2016. The Japan national birth database was used in this study. A total of 5,041,685 (male: 2,587,415, female: 2,454,270) births were used for spatial analysis using empirical Bayes estimates of the incidence rate of LBW and/or PTB and spatial scan tests to detect hot-spot areas with p values calculated from Monte Carlo iterations. The most and second likely clusters were located in two areas: (1) the small islands in south-west Japan (Amami and Okinawa, Relative risk = 1.09-1.67 with p < 0.001) and (2) the cities on the base of Mt. Fuji, stretching over three neighboring prefectures of Yamanashi, Shizuoka and Kanagawa (Relative risk = 1.10-1.55 with p < 0.001), respectively. We need to optimize the medical resource allocations based on the evidence in geographical clustering of LBW and/or PTB at specific locations in Japan.