Pockels Effect of Interfacial Water on a Mono-Electrode Induced by Current Parallel to the Electrode Surface

Featured Application Light modulators, sensors, and non-contact evaluation of thermoelectric performance as potential applications.Abstract When an electric field is applied between two electrodes facing each other immersed in a liquid, the interfacial Pockels effect, a refractive index change proportional to the electric field, occurs in the electric double layer at the liquid-electrode interface. Here, we report that the Pockels effect of interfacial water can be observed even when an electric field is applied parallel to the surface of a "single" electrode in an electrolyte solution. This is a non-trivial result since the electric field parallel to the interface should not cause a broken spatial inversion symmetry, which is required for the Pockels effect. The Pockels signal was detected as a change in the transmitted light intensity due to the field-induced spectral shift of the interference fringes of the transparent conductive oxide electrode layer on a glass substrate. The magnitude of the signal increased as it approached the ends of the electrode, and the sign reversed across the center of the electrode. The electric field distribution calculated from the interfacial potential difference due to the in-plane parallel current showed that an electric field perpendicular to the interface was induced, whose distribution was consistent with the position dependence of the Pockels signal. A similar phenomenon was also observed for a single copper electrode, confirming that this is a universal effect.