It matters how we measure - Quantification of microplastics in drinking water by μFTIR and μRaman

The water treatment for microplastics (MP) at a Danish groundwater-based waterworks was assessed by Fourier-Transform IR micro-spectroscopy (mu FTIR) (nominal size limit 6.6 mu m) and compared to results from Raman micro-spectroscopy (mu Raman) (nominal size limit 1.0 mu m) on the same sample set. The MP abundance at the waterworks' inlet and outlet was quantified as MP counts per cubic metre (N/m(3)) and estimated MP mass per cubic metre (mu g/m(3)). The waterworks' MP removal efficiency was found to be higher when analysing by mu FTIR (counts: 78.14 +/- 49.70%, mass: 98.73 +/- 11.10%) and less fluctuating than when using mu Raman (counts: 43.2%, mass: 75.1%). However, both techniques pointed to a value of similar to 80% for the counts' removal efficiency of MPs >6.6 mu m. Contrarily to what was shown by mu Raman, no systematic leaking of MPs from the plastic elements of the facility could be identified for the mu FTIR dataset, either from the counts (inlet 31.86 +/- 17.17 N/m(3), outlet 4.98 +/- 2.09 N/m(3)) or mass estimate (inlet 76.30 +/- 106.30 mu g/m(3), outlet 2.81 +/- 2.78 mu g/m(3)). The estimation of human MP intake from drinking water calculated from the mu FTIR data (5 N/(year<middle dot>capita)) proved to be approximately 332 times lower than that calculated from the mu Raman dataset, although in line with previous studies employing mu FTIR. By merging the MP length datasets from the two techniques, it could be shown that false negatives became prevalent in the mu FTIR dataset already below 50 mu m. Further, by fitting the overall frequency of the MP length ranges with a power function, it could be shown that mu FTIR missed approximately 95.7% of the extrapolated MP population (1-1865.9 mu m). Consequently, relying on only mu FTIR may have led to underestimating the MP content of the investigated drinking water, as most of the 1-50 mu m MP would have been missed.