The urgent need to develop a new grassland map in China: based on the consistency and accuracy of ten land cover products

Grasslands are the most dominant terrestrial ecosystem in China, but few national grassland maps have been generated. The grassland resource map produced in the 1980s is widely used as background data, but it has not been updated for almost 40 years. Therefore, a reliable map depicting the current spatial distribution of grasslands across the country is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the grassland consistency and accuracy of ten land cover datasets (GLC2000, GlobCover, CCI-LC, MCD12Q1, CLUD, GlobeLand30, GLC-FCS30, CGLS-LC100, CLCD, and FROM-GLC) for 2000, 2010, and 2020 based on extensive fieldwork. We concluded that the area of these ten grassland products ranges from 107.80x10(4) to 332.46x10(4) km(2), with CLCD and MCD12Q1 having the highest area consistency. The spatial and sample consistency is highest in the regions of east-central Inner Mongolia, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and northern Xinjiang, while the distribution of southern grasslands is scattered and differs considerably among the ten products. MCD12Q1 is significantly more accurate than the other nine products, with an overall accuracy (OA) reaching 77.51% and a kappa coefficient of 0.51; CLCD is slightly less accurate than MCD12Q1 (OA=73.02%, kappa coefficient=0.45) and is more conducive to the fine monitoring and management of grassland because of its 30-meter resolution. The highest accuracy of grassland was found in the Inner Mongolia-Ningxia region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while the accuracy was worst in the southeastern region. In the future grassland mapping, cartographers should improve the accuracy of the grassland distribution in South China and regions where grassland is confused with forest, cropland and bare land. We specify the availability of valuable data in existing land cover datasets for China's grasslands and call for researchers and the government to actively produce a new generation of grassland maps.