Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Two Years' Corrected Age of Very Preterm Infants after Implementation of a Post-Discharge Responsive Parenting Intervention Program (TOP Program)

Objective To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years corrected age (CA) between infants born very preterm (VP) who did or did not receive a postdischarge responsive parenting intervention (Transmural develop-mental support for very preterm infants and their parents [TOP program]) between discharge home and 12 months' CA. Study design The Systemic Hydrocortisone to Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (SToP-BPD) study showed no differences between treatment groups in motor and cognitive development using the Dutch Bayley Scales of In -fant Development and behavior using the Child Behavior Checklist at 2 years' CA. During its study period, the TOP program was gradually scaled up nationwide in the same population, providing an opportunity to evaluate the effect of this program on neurodevelopmental outcome, after adjusting for baseline differences. Results Among 262 surviving VP infants in the SToP-BPD study, 35% received the TOP program. Infants in the TOP group had a significantly lower incidence of a cognitive score <85 (20.3% vs 35.2%; adjusted absolute risk reduction: -14.1% [95% CI: -27.2 to -1.1]; P = .03), and a significantly higher mean cognitive score (96.7 +/- 13.8), compared with the non-TOP group (92.0 +/- 17.5; crude mean difference: 4.7 [95% CI: 0.3 to 9.2]; P = .03). No significant differences were found on motor scores. For behavior problems, a small but statistically sig-nificant effect for anxious/depressive problems was found in the TOP group (50.5 vs 51.2; P = .02). Conclusions VP infants supported by the TOP program from discharge until 12 months' CA had better cognitive function at 2 years' CA. This study demonstrates a sustained positive effect of the TOP program in VP infants.