Developing country imperatives in the circular bioeconomy: A review of the South African case

A key principle in the circular bioeconomy is the cascading use of biomass in products that create the most value over its lifetime. For example, the production of fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals are considered high value processes in comparison to energy production or the production of bulk materials such as compost. However, such "low value" applications may be associated with greater environmental and socio-economic benefits depending on the context. This paper explores factors influencing a developing country's transition to a circular bioeconomy. Through a review of the South African case, it was found that national priorities and strategies places emphasis on composting and anaerobic digestion as primary methods for organic waste diversion from landfill. This may in part be attributed to the fact that the technologies can theoretically process a wide variety of waste stocks and they are already commercially established in the country. In addition, the potential sustainability benefits associated with these methods have the potential to mitigate many challenges being faced by the country including job creation, food security, energy security and climate change mitigation. However, to increase circularity whilst adhering to the principle of cascading use, investment in biorefining of organic waste is necessary. Whilst research has been conducted into the biorefining of various waste types including agricultural and industrial waste, the investment cost remains prohibitive. Yet, in the long-term, investment in biorefineries may potentially result in greater socio-economic benefits for the country. Ultimately, to transition towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy, diversification of the industry is essential.