A Dual-Layer MPC of Coordinated Control of Battery Load Demand and Grid-Side Supply Matching at Electric Vehicle Swapping Stations

The uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles may cause damage to the electrical system as the number of electric vehicles continues to rise. This paper aims to construct a new model of the power system and investigates the rational regulation and efficient control of electric vehicle battery charging at electric vehicle exchange battery stations in response to the real-time grid-side supply situation. Firstly, a multi-objective optimization strategy is established to meet the day-ahead forecasted swap demand and grid-side supply with the maximization of day-ahead electric vehicle battery swapping station (BSS) revenue in the core. Secondly, considering the variable tariff strategy, a two-layer Model Predictive Control (MPC) coordinated control system under real-time conditions is constructed with the objective function of maximizing the revenue of BSS and smoothing the load fluctuation of the power system. Then, the day-ahead optimization results are adopted as the reference value for in-day rolling optimization, and the reference value for in-day optimization is dynamically adjusted according to the real-time number of electric car changes and power system demand. Finally, verified by experimental simulation, the results show that the day-ahead-intraday optimization model can increase the economic benefits of BSS and reduce the pressure on the grid to a certain extent, and it can ensure the fast, accurate, and reasonable allocation of batteries in BSS, and realize the flexible, efficient, and reasonable distribution of batteries in BSS.